Guy Fawkes

Plot Bubuk Mesiu

Guy Fawkes
George Cruikshank 's ilustrasi Guy Fawkes, yang diterbitkan dalam William Harrison Ainsworth 's 1840 novel
Details
George Cruikshank's illustrations Guy Fawkes, which was published in William Harrison Ainsworth 's 1840 novel Details Parents Edward Fawkes and Edith (née Blake or Jackson) Born 13 April 1570 (counts) York, England Alias (es) Guido Fawkes, John Johnson Occupation Soldier; Alférez Groove Role of Explosives Enlisted May 20, 1604 Drawn 5 November 1605 Conviction (s) high treason Punishment Hanged, drawn and quartered Died January 31, 1606 (age 35) Westminster, London, England Cause Hanged
Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 - January 31, 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, a name he adopted while fighting for Spain in the Low Countries, the Catholic province of British-owned groups that plan failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Fawkes was born and educated in York. His father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after his mother married a Catholic recusant. Fawkes later converted to Catholicism and went to the continent, where he fought in the Eighty Years War on the Catholic side of Spain against the Dutch Protestant Reformers. He traveled to Spain to seek support for the Catholic uprising in England but to no avail. He later met with Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England. Fawkes Wintour introduced to Robert Catesby, who planned to kill King James I and restore the Catholic king to the throne. Plot guaranteed rental for a undercroft beneath the House of Lords, and Fawkes was placed in charge of gunpowder they accumulate there. Prompted by the receipt of anonymous letters, the authorities find the Westminster Palace during the early hours of November 5, and found Fawkes keeping explosives. Over the next few days, he was interrogated and tortured, and eventually he broke. Immediately before the execution on 31 January, Fawkes jumped from the scaffolding where he would be hanged and break his neck, thus avoiding the misery of the picture and quartering that followed. Fawkes became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, which has been celebrated in Britain since 5 November 1605. His statue was burned in a campfire, often accompanied by a fireworks display. Early life Childhood Photos Fawkes was baptized in the church of St. Michael le Belfrey. Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He is the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and advocate of the Consistory Court at York, [nb 1] and his wife, Edith. [Nb 2] Guy's paternal grandmother, Ellen Harrington, derived from the Protestant line of public servants, but his family recusants mother, and his cousin, Richard cowling, a Jesuit priest. [4] Guy is a common name in England, but may have been popular at York on account of the locally famous, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton. [5] Fawkes's date of birth is unknown, but he was baptized in the church of St. Michael le Belfrey on April 16. Like the traditional gap between birth and baptism was three days, he probably was born on 13 April. [4] In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the boy died at the age of about seven weeks, in November of that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both are married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively. [5] [6] In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried a few years later, to Catholicism Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) from Scotton, Harrogate. Fawkes may have become Catholics through the family were recusant Baynbrigge trends, and also the Catholic branch and the Percy family of Scotton Pulleyn, [7] but also from time at St Peter's School in York. A school governor has spent about 20 years in prison for rebellion, and the school principal, John Pulleyn, comes from a family noted Yorkshire recusants, who Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In his 1915 The Pulleynes Yorkshire, Catharine Pullein authors suggest that Fawkes's Catholic education comes from Harrington for his relatives, who are known for priests store, one of which was accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592-1593. [8] a fellow student's Fawkes including John Wright and his brother Christopher (the two became involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (who last held in 1601). [9] After leaving school entered the service Fawkes Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount take a dislike to Fawkes and fired him after a short time, he was then employed by Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, who succeeded his grandfather at the age of 18 years. [10] At least one source claims that Fawkes married and have children, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this. [11] [nb 3] Military Career In October 1591 sold real Fawkes in Clifton that she had inherited from his father. [Nb 4] He traveled to the continent to fight in the Eighty Years War for Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from 1595 until the Peace Vervins in 1598, France. Although Britain was not by then engaged in ground operations against Spain, two countries still at war, and the Spanish Armada in 1588 only in the past five years. Joining Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and a veteran commander in the mid-fifties who had raised troops in Ireland to fight in Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands. Stanley has been implemented in terms of height by Elizabeth I, but following the surrender of Deventer to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, who had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became alférez junior officer or, to fight both at the siege of Calais in 1596, and in 1603 has been recommended for the captain. [3] That year, he went to Spain to seek support for the Catholic uprising in England. He used the opportunity to adopt the Italian version of his name, Guido, and the memorandum described James I as "misguided", which intends "to have all the sects of Catholics were expelled from England." He denounced the Scots, and King's favorite among the nobles of Scotland, wrote "would not be possible to reconcile the two countries, like them, for a long time." [12] Although he was received with polite, Philip III court is not willing to give him support. [13] Gunpowder Plot Main article: Gunpowder Plot A monochrome engravings of eight people, in the clothing of the 17th century. All have a beard, and appear to be involved in discussions A contemporary engraving eight thirteen conspirators, by Crispijn van de Passe. Fawkes is the third from the right. Fawkes in 1604 became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned to kill the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, the third in line of succession, Princess Elizabeth. [14] [15] Fawkes is described by a Jesuit priest and former school friends Tesimond Oswald as a "pleasant and cheerful approach to diversity, opposed the contention and strife ... loyal to his friends." Tesimond also claims Fawkes was "a man who is very skilled in terms of war", and that it is this mixture of piety and professionalism that he liked to fellow conspirators. [3] The writer Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as "tall, stocky man, with thick reddish brown hair, flowing mustache in the tradition of the time, and thick reddish-brown beard," and that he was "a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument and the endurance physical, somewhat to the surprise of his enemies. " [4] The first meeting of five central plot took place on Sunday, May 20, 1604, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in fashionable Strand district of London. [Nb 5] Catesby has been proposed in previous meetings with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the king and his government to blow up "the Houses of Parliament with gunpowder." Wintour, who initially objected to the plan, convinced by Catesby to travel to the continent to seek help. Wintour met with police from Castile, Welsh exiled spy Hugh Owen, [17] and Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would not receive support from Spain. Owen was, however, introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who was already far away from England for many years, and thus largely unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries, each of militants, and has first-hand experience of Spain's reluctance to help. Fawkes Wintour said they plan to "doe whatt some Ingland if pece with our healped Spaine Nott", [3] and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England. [16] Wintour is not surprising news Catesby; despite the positive vote from the Spanish authorities, he feared that "the act will Nott answere." [Nb 6] One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy was promoted in June 1604, gained access to a house in London who owned John Whynniard, Keeper King's Cupboard. Fawkes installed as caretaker and began using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy. [19] The story of contemporary from prosecution (taken from Wintour's recognition of Thomas) [20] states that the conspirators tried to dig the tunnel from under the house Whynniard to Parliament, although this story might have been a fabrication of government, no evidence of a tunnel made by the prosecutor, and no trace of one ever found. Fawkes does not acknowledge the existence of such schemes until the fifth interrogation, but even then he can not find the tunnel. [21] If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnel from renting their homes to the House of Lords. They stopped their effort when, during tunneling, they heard a voice from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with news that the tenant was cleaning a nearby widow undercroft, directly under the House of Lords. [3] [22] Plotters are purchased leases for space, which is also owned by John Whynniard. Not used and dirty, it is considered as an ideal hiding place for gunpowder plotters planned to store there. [23] According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder taken in the first place, followed by 16 more on 20 July. [24] On 28 July, however, that ever-present threat of pandemic to delay the opening of Parliament until Tuesday, November 5. [25] Overseas In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes foreign travel and information from ploter Hugh Owen plan. [26] At some point during this journey his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who employ spy networks throughout Europe. One of the spies, Captain William Turner, may have been responsible. Although the information given to Salisbury usually numbered no more than a faint pattern of invasion report, and including what is considered Gunpowder Plot, on April 21, he told how it should be carried by Fawkes Tesimond to England. Fawkes is the famous Flemish mercenaries, and will be introduced to "Mr. Catesby," and "Dear friends of the nobility and others who will be guns and horses in readiness." [27] Turner's report does not, however, mention's pseudonym Fawkes in England, John Johnson, and Cecil did not reach until late in November, well after the plot had been discovered. [3] [28] It is unclear when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London in August, the end of 1605 when he and Wintour found that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft has been decaying. More ammunition was brought into the room, along with firewood to cover it. [29] The last one's role in the plot that Fawkes was completed over a series of meetings in October. He is light the fuse and then run away on the Thames. Simultaneously, the rebellion in the Midlands will help to ensure the arrest of Princess Elizabeth. The story of the murder of a popular king, and Fawkes because it will go to the continent, where he will explain to the strength of Catholic sacred duty to kill the King and retinue. [30] Discovery In stone-walled room, several armed men physically detained another person, who draw the sword. The discovery of Gunpowder Plot (c. 1823), Henry Briggs Perronet Several Catholic co-conspirators to worry about who will be present at Parliament during the opening. [31] On the night of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into contee yowre where yow maye expect the event in safti to ... they will receyve a parleament blowe this horrible." [32] Although quickly realized the letter - was told by one of the servants Monteagle - the conspirators decided to continue with their plan, as it appeared that it was "clearly regarded as a hoax." [33] examined undercroft Fawkes on October 30, and reported no one had been disturbed. [34] 's suspicions were aroused Monteagle however, and the letter indicated the King James. The king ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars of Parliament, which he did in the early hours of November 5th. Fawkes had taken his station late at night before, armed with the latest games and watch given to him by the Percy "becaus he must knowe time however it went." [3] He was found to leave the basement, shortly after midnight, and catch. Inside, a barrel of gunpowder was found hidden under a pile of firewood and coal. [35] Torture Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King's Privy Chamber, where he remained defiant. When asked by one of the noble what he did in the possession of so much gunpowder, Fawkes replied that his intention "to make you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains." [36] He identified himself as 36 years from Netherdale Catholics in Yorkshire, and naming his father as Thomas and his mother as Edith Jackson. Wounds on his body are recorded by a questionnaire he described as the effects of pleurisy. Fawkes confessed his intention to blow up the House of Lords, and expressed regret at his failure to do so. His patient manner that he impressed King James, who describes Fawkes as a "resolution of the Romans". [37] James's admiration does not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" torture, to reveal the name of his co-conspirators. [38] He directed that the torture be mild at first, referring to the use of handcuffs, but more severe if necessary, approve the use of rack: "Torturing the soft should be used first to him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees to continue to the worst]. " [36] [39] Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. King compiled a list of questions to be put to "Johnson", like "what's he like, because I never could have not heard from everyone who knew him", "When and where he learned to speak French?", And "If he is an adherent Catholic religion, which brought him in it? " [40] The space where Fawkes was interrogated later became known as Guy Fawkes Room. [41] Two signatures Fawkes signature of the "Guido", made soon after that torture, is a graffiti almost no clear comparison with later examples. Sir William treaty, Lieutenant Tower, overseeing the torture and obtain Fawkes's confession. [36] He was looking for prisoners, and found a letter addressed to Guy Fawkes. For the surprise agreement, "Johnson" remain silent, do not reveal about the plot or the author. [42] On the night of 6 November he spoke with the treaty, which is reported to Salisbury "He [Johnson] told us that because he is doing this action every day she prayed to God he may do that maybe for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and to save his own soul" . According to the treaty, Fawkes managed to rest all night, although he warned that he would be interrogated until "I have gotton to the inside secrets of the mind and all his complices." [43] His composure is damaged at some point during the following days. [44] Sir Edward Hoby observer said, "Since Johnson was in the Tower, he beginneth speak English". Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told investigators that there were five people involved in a plot to kill King. He began to reveal their names on the 8th of November, and say how they intended to put Princess Elizabeth on the throne. recognition of all three, on November 9, involved Francis Tresham. After the Ridolfi plot of the 1571 prisoners carried out to determine their admission, before copying and signing them, if they still can. [45] Although it is uncertain if he became the target of the horror shelf, it's Fawkes's signature, a little more than graffiti, bears evidence of the suffering that he experienced at the hands of interrogators. [46] Trial and execution The trial of eight of the conspiracy begins on Monday, January 27, 1606. Fawkes share the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with his seven co-conspirators. [Nb 7] They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where they are displayed on the scaffolding built-goal. King and family nearby, watching in secret, in the audience as the Commissioner of Lords read the list of bills. Identified as Guido Fawkes Fawkes, "otherwise known as Guido Johnson." He pleaded not guilty, despite the clear admission of guilt from the moment he was arrested. [48] Etching A 1606 etching by Claes (Nicolaes) Jansz Visscher, describing's execution Fawkes The result is not in doubt. The jury found all defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham said they were guilty of high treason. [49] The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that each of the condemned will be withdrawn to his death, by horse, his head near the ground. They should be "punished the hell out of heaven and earth as not worthy of a second." their genitals would be cut and burned before their eyes, and their stomachs and hearts removed. They will then decapitated, and parts of dismembered their bodies displayed so that they may become "prey for the fowls of the air". [50] Fawkes and Tresham's testimony about the betrayal of Spain was read, as well as special recognition related to Gunpowder Plot. The last part of the evidence offered is a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who has been kept in an adjacent cell. The two men apparently thought they had a private conversation, but their conversation was captured by government spies. When the prisoners were allowed to speak, Fawkes explains plea of innocence as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment. [51] On January 31, 1606, Fawkes and three others - Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood and Robert Keyes - were dragged from the Tower in wattled hurdles to Old Palace Yard in Westminster, opposite the building which they have sought to destroy. [52] His fellow conspirators who was hanged, drawn and quartered. Fawkes was the last person standing on the scaffolding. He asked for forgiveness from the King and country, while preserving its "cross and idle ceremony, and aided by the executioner began to climb the ladder to the noose. Although weakened by torture, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows, breaking his neck in the fall and thereby avoid the suffering of the end of execution. [36] [53] His lifeless body remained drawn and quartered, [54] and as is customary, [55] part of her body and then distributed to the "four corners of the kingdom", which will be displayed as a warning to other potential traitors. [56] Heritage See also: Gunpowder Plot in popular culture Sketch of escorting a group of kids statue Procession of Guy (1864) On 5 November 1605 London encouraged to celebrate the King's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, "always provided that 'this is joy to be careful testemonye done without danger or disturbance'". [3] An Act of Parliament [nb 8] who appointed each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for the "day of fun liberation", and remain in force until 1859. [57] Although he is only one of 13 conspirators, Fawkes is the individual most associated with the plot failed. [58] In England, November 5, has a variety called Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day and Bonfire Night, the latter can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605. [59] bonfire accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it becomes a habit of burning an effigy (usually the Pope) after 1673, when the presumptive heir, James, Duke of York made a public conversion to Catholicism. [3] statues of other famous figures who have become targets for public anger, such as Paul Kruger and Margaret Thatcher, have also found their way into the fire, although most modern statue of Fawkes. [57] The "man" is usually made by children, from old clothes, newspapers, and masks. [57] During the 19th century, "people" means people who dress funny, but in American English it lost any degrading connotations, and is used to refer to men. [57] [60] William Harrison Ainsworth 's 1841 historical novel Guy Fawkes, or, The Gunpowder Treason, described Fawkes in a sympathetic light generally, [61] and transformed himself in the public perception into a "fictional characters are acceptable." Fawkes later emerged as an "action hero essentially" in the books the children and dreadfuls cents a childhood like The Days of Guy Fawkes, or, the conspirators of Old London, which was published in about 1905. [62] Fawkes is sometimes called, jokingly, as "the only person who ever entered Parliament with honest intentions."